FRESHWATER AND MARINE FISH CULTIVATION TECHNOLOGY

This book discusses freshwater and marine fish farming technology. It includes an introduction to freshwater and marine fish farming, types of farmed fish and their characteristics, fish breeding and spawning technology, water quality and environmental management, fish feeding and nutrition techniques, fish disease prevention and control, and the concept of integration in environmentally friendly farming.

Fish farming, or aquaculture, fundamentally refers to all activities involving the management and control of aquatic environments to produce aquatic organisms beneficial to humans, both animals and plants (Billard, 1979). Globally, this activity is defined as the effort to maintain aquatic organisms including fish, mollusks, crustaceans, and aquatic plants through human assistance throughout their life cycle to increase productivity. According toFood and Agriculture Organization(FAO), these interventions are specific and include systematic maintenance and breeding, in contrast to capture fisheries which are highly dependent on the natural productivity of the waters (FAO, 2022).

From an economic and legal perspective, fish farming is characterized by individual or corporate ownership of the stock of organisms maintained during the production period (Stickney &
Treece, 2012). This aligns with the broader use of the term aquaculture, where it is a general term encompassing the activities of cultivating and raising animals or plants for a specific purpose. This is in line with the opinion of (Redha, 2025b) who stated that the implementation of technology in fish hatchery systems aims to accelerate productivity and ensure the availability of seeds on a sustainable basis, reducing operational dependence on fluctuations in natural factors. In the context of fisheries, aquaculture means a systematic effort to produce fish in a controlled manner (Alawi & Tang, 2017). The shift in modern definitions is now not only oriented towards harvest results (output-oriented), but also on the efficiency of resource utilization and minimization of environmental impacts to ensure sustainable production (Stentiford et al., 2017).